Path from child-related cognitions and emotional health to parenting(Path a)
The manner in which parents explain their children's misbehaviour has an impact on their parenting emotions and behaviour(see Sigel et al.1992). To illustrate, parental attributions of purposeful attempts by children to disobey (e.g.'he wet his pants to get my attention') have been associated with reactions of anger, dysfunctional parenting and provision of a low-quality child-rearing environment (Baden & Howe 1992;Daggett et al. 2000). Parents who view their child as having negative intention also tend to have inappropriately high expectations for their children's developmental abilities (Dix & Reinhold 1991) and to anticipate using power-assertive discipline such as spanking(Paz montes et al. 2001). With respect to the association between parenting and emotional health, parents in today's society experience numerous stressors (Sidebotham & the ALSPAC Study Team 2001), and high parental stress is associated with less optimal childrearing(see Deater-Deckard 1998). Depression,in particular, is associated with negativity, hostility and withdrawal from the parenting role(e.g. Conger et al. 1995).
Path from parenting to child adjustment (Path b) and SIP(Path c)
In our model, parents' behaviour and affect are expected to be associated with children's SIP and linked to children's future social adjustment. There is compelling evidence of the significant impact of parenting on children's social adjustment(e.g.Cummings et al. 2000). Parenting attributes of interest in the current research include discipline practices and sensitivity/ warmth. Past research indicates that early experiences of harsh and abusive discipline are associated with increased risk for child aggression and other conduct problems, although there are moderators of the relation(e.g. Deater-Deckard & Dodge 1997). Early experiences of parental warmth are associated with positive outcomes in later childhood, and lack of parental warmth is associated with child aggression and other behaviour problems(Fine et al. 1993; Booth et al. 1994).
There is relatively limited research that attempts to explain how parental behaviour influences child adjustment. One theoretical tradition with potential to explain the link between children's experiences with their parents and subsequent relationships with peers is the higyly influential SIP framework put forth by Crick and Dodge(1994).According to that model, the ways children mentally receive and process social cues during interactions with peers impact their behaviour in those situations. Substantial research supports the tenets of the SIP model; children who display atypical processing of information during interactions with peers tend to show evidence of social incompetence. An associated line of research indicates that various aspects of parenting influence children's SIP patterns. Specifically, a history of power assertive discipline(Hart et al. 1990), restrictive parenting (Jones et al. 1980) and harsh parenting(Dodge et al. 1995) predicts several SIP operations. Further, Parents' level of nurturance(Jones et al.1980)is associated with the strategies children use to resolve peer problems.
Path from children's SIP to social ajustment(Path d)
Finally, the model predicts that children's attributions for other children's behaviour and ability to generate solutions to peer conflicts will predict children's adjustment. Past research indicates that children with peer relationship difficulties are less accurate in interpreting the intentions of other children and are more likely to attribute hostile intent to neutral peer behaviour (de Castro et al. 2002). Research also shows that socially competent children generate more effective, socially appropriate solutions to peer-related problems than to do aggressive children(see Dodge 1993). More direct evidence of the link between SIP and child adjustment is found in research which indicates that modifying children's processing of information in peer interactions has a positive impact on their behaviouraladjustment(e.g. Hudley & Graham 1993).
SIP:social information processing
Haskett, M. E. and Willoughby, M.(2006) Paths to child social adjustment: Parenting quality and children's processing of social information. Child:Care, Health and Development, 33(1),66-77
【Figure1子どもの社会適応性モデルの解説】
親の情動的健康面，親子関係にある信頼度は，親の行動に影響する(Path a)．さらに，そうした親の行動は，子どもの社会適応性(Path b)と子どもの社会での情報処理(Path c)に影響する．子どもの社会性の情報処理が適応性への影響も及ぼす(Path d)．